Distributive Justice in Physical Therapy Case Study

Distributive Justice in Physical Therapy - Case Study Example distributive justice can help us in solving the moral dilemma that Mary Smith finds herself in as she tries to decide on the candidate she would cancel for the day. As the supervisors of Mary, there are a number of factors I would take into consideration in deciding on which candidate should be cancelled for the day; for the sake of equity and justice, I would consider the following factors in making this important decision; the factors are in order of priority. To begin with, I would consider the urgency and the seriousness of the patients’ diagnosis. Justice and equity demands that, all other factors constant, the patient with the most urgent and serious diagnosis should be treated first. The second factor that I would put into consideration is the patient’s availability; the patients who would be available for treatment for the following day should give room to the patients who would not find time to come for treatment the following day. The third factor that I would put into consideration is the amount of money paid by each of the patients. Justice demands that each person should be given his/her due, for that reason, the pati ents who pay more for the same service rendered should be given the first priority, all the other factors remaining constant. The fourth factor that I would consider is the amount of time required to treat each of the patients; since time was the limiting factor in treating all of the patients, all other factors remaining constant, the patients who would take least time should be handled first. Guided by these four factors, I would proceed analyze each of the case so as to decide on the patient to be cancelled for the day. To begin with, the star athlete’s condition is not so serious and urgent; we are just told that the athlete needed screening; this fact shows that the athlete’s condition wasn’t so serious. We are, however, told that the athlete needed to be attended on time so as to go back to class because he had been

The Computer Vision Syndrome Essay Example for Free

The Computer Vision Syndrome Essay Close to 150 million people sit in front of a computer monitor each day. Many of them spend more than two hours at a time, focusing on screens as they complete work projects, blog, or just surf the web. If a significant portion of your day involves computer time, you may be at the risk of CVS-Computer Vision Syndrome too. What is Computer Vision Syndrome? According to the American Optometric Association, CVS is a set of symptoms that are all related to working with a computer. These symptoms can affect both the eyes and musculoskeletal parts of the body. Very simply, CVS occurs when an individual overburden the human eye by asking it to perform in prolonged situations that it was not designed to do. Studies have found that the majority of video display workers experience some eye or vision symptoms. A national survey of doctors of optometry found that more than 14% of their patients present with eye or vision-related symptoms resulting from this type of work. The most common symptoms are: †¢ Blurred Vision when looking into the distance †¢ Double Vision †¢ Stinging of the eyes †¢ Excessive tearing of the eyes †¢ Headaches †¢ Neck or shoulder pain. (Keep in the mind that these symptoms are generally experienced after prolonged periods of computer work or, over time, due to progressive eye strain associated with CVS). What Causes CVS? Unlike printed matter, a computer screen displays words and images through the use of pixels which are multi-dimensional and vary in contrast. The eye is always working extra hard to accommodate as it focuses and refocuses on the graded areas of these combined pixels. The eye lens must work harder to support the function of sight. Eventually, the eye tires and becomes lazy. This explains why vision blurs occur and why it is difficult to look away from the monitor and see distant objects clearly. One of the most significant environmental factors affecting work with displays is lighting. Bright lights in the peripheral field of view may cause discomfort glare. An acceptable lighting level may require a compromise between the amount of light needed to enhance VDT screen visibility and reduce reflections and glare and that needed to perform other office reading and work tasks. The brightness of the screen and the surrounding room should be balanced. For dark background screens this often requires using lower light levels. The brightness and contrast should be adjusted to provide balance with room lighting and maximum visibility. Stinging of the eyes and eye irritation can be caused by the dry atmosphere, and starring at the screen. It decreased number of blinking and increased rate of tear evaporation, which effect the dry eyes. The presence of even minor vision problems can often significantly affect the worker comfort and performance. Uncorrected farsightedness, astigmatism, and binocular vision (eye coordination and eye focusing) problems can be major contributing factors to VDT related eye stress. What can I do if I think I might be suffering from eye problems associated with CVS? At first you have to think about limiting the time you spend front of the computer. It is often unaccomplishable, but there are several other methods too: †¢ Seeing an ophthalmologist is a good first step in to determine whether you have a problem like Computer Vision Syndrome. †¢ Eyeglasses or contact lenses prescribed for general use may not be adequate for computer work. Special lens designs, lens power or lens tints or coatings may help to maximize visual abilities and comfort, and helps you minimize eye strain, and get optimal eye performance. †¢ You have to set up your computer’s place properly. The screen must have an optimal height and distance from your eyes. †¢ The colour of screen characters may also affect visibility. The colour of the characters can affect how the eyes focus on the screen. Monochrome, or single colour displays often provide more optimal images for word processing. Dark letters on a light background or invert could generally provide a more readable image than green, yellow-orange, blue or red characters. †¢ You may to set the proper contrast and brightness setting on your monitor too, to make it more viewable.

Answers to questions on the spread and control of diseases

Answers to questions on the spread and control of diseases List and discuss briefly major public health strategies for communicable disease control. Choose five communicable diseases and discuss what public health strategies will be appropriate in each case. Major Public Health Strategies for Communicable Disease Control The main public health strategies to control communicable diseases include all measures designed to prevent or reduce the incidence, prevalence and consequences of disease (WHO 1984). These measures are included in primary health care and involve participation of community, support from different government, public and private sectors and coordination between these sectors (WHO 1978). The control measures are directed against reservoir or sounce of infection, the root of transmission and susceptible host ( people at risk). i) Controlling Reservoir of Infection. It includes early diagnosis or detection of cases or carriers, notification of disease, isolation, treatment and quarantine. ii) Interrupting Transmission of Disease. This is done by interrupting direct transmission and indirect transmission of infective agent from patient and carrier to susceptible host by changing some part of mans environment. The public health strategies to achieve this includes clean water supply, improving sanitation, proper cooking and refrigeration, improving personal hygiene, controlling vectors and proper handling of secretions and excretions of humans and animals. iii) Protection of Susceptible Host or Patient at Risk This includes active immunization, passive immunization, combination of active and passive immunization and prophylaxis by drugs. iv) Other measures that have interrupted transmission of many diseases in developed countries include legislation for integrated and effective public health programs, improved quality of life and better education. Surveillance follows control measures. Five Communicable Diseases and Public Health Strategies to Control them 1-Chickenpox is acute highly infectious disease caused by varicella zooster virus (VZV) usually in children. It spreads by airborne particles and direct contact. The control strategies are notification, isolation of cases for six days after the rash appears, disinfection of articles soiled with secretion from nose, mouth and skin and using gloves and face mask while attending patient. Antiviral drugs are effective if used in first 24 hours of appearance of skin rash. Human varicella zoster immunoglobulin is given to contacts and immunocompromrised. A live attenuated vaccine is available and used in US and some other countries for children at one year of age. 2-Measles is acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a myxovirus. The control strategies include routine vaccine coverage of all children at 9 months and 4 years of age using live attenuated vaccine. Catch up vaccination is done for children who miss out. Successive generations of children are vaccinated. Isolation in initial stages of incubation period and disinfection of articles can help control spread. Notification to local health authorities, epidemiological investigation and health education are also necessary. 3-Diphtheria is caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae and affects upper respiratory tract. Control includes early detection of cases and carriers, notification, isolation in the hospital, and treatment of cases by diphtheria anti-toxin and carriers by erythromycin. Contacts are given booster dose of anti-toxin if they have not received in last two years and surveillance of close contacts is done for several weeks after exposure. On community bases the effective control is achieved by active immunization of diphtheria vaccine at age of six weeks, ten weeks, fourteen weeks, and booster doses sixteen to twenty-four months and five years. 4- Cholera is disease caused by vibrio cholera 01 (El Tor-most or Classical-less common). Main clinical manifestations are acute onset of diarrhea, massive fluid loss and shock. WHO guidelines for control of diarrhea (p192)(ref19) include verification of diagnosis from stool examination, notification to local health authorities, early case finding, establishing treatment centers, rehydration of patients, antibiotics like doxycylcline, OTC or ciprofloxacllin, epidemiological investigation, sanitation, use of clean water and properly cooked food, parental or oral vaccination and health education with diarrhea control program. 5-Enteric fevers include typhoid and paratyphoid fevers caused by Salmonella typhi and S.paratyphi A and B. Disease spreads by ingestion of contaminated faeces, urine, food, water and poor personal hygiene. Control measures includes control of reservoir by identification, isolation, treatment and disinfection; improving sanitation of food water and personal hygiene and using inactivated injectable vaccine and oral live attenuated vaccine. Q2 Select an infectious disease of your interest. Provide a comprehensive account of clinical features, diagnosis, causative organism, mode (s) of transmission. Explain past and current disease prevention techniques used to control the disease with an emphasis on primary and secondary prevention measures. Choose a country that is affected by that infectious disease described. Explain the disease burden, discuss relevant risk factors and discuss limitations or hurdles in the control and prevention of that disease. Answer Cholera i) Definition: WHO defines cholera as Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera (WHO, Fact sheet on cholera 2010). Cholera is caused by vibrio cholera serotype 01. The El Tor bio type more commonly infects than classical bio type. ii) Pathogenesis: Enzyme adenyle cyclase is activated in intestinal wall by enterotoxin of vibrio cholera that activates cyclic-AMP leading to massive secretion of chloride and water from the intestinal endothelium.It infects both adults and children (Robbins, Stanley, Kumar, and Cotran 2010). iii) Clinical Features: Sudden onset of severe diarrhoea without pain, vomiting. Stool is like rice water in color. Severe dehydration, shock and oliguria. Death occurs due to circulatory failure. In most of the cases diarrhoea is mild and occassionally disease is very severe with intense loss of fluid and dilatation of intestine leading to death. It is dangerous when disease occurs in children (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). iv) Diagnosis: During epidemic diagnosis can be made easily from clinical features. But confirmation of diagnosis requires laboratory methods. Specimen of stool is taken before anti-biotics are given. A fresh specimen of stool or rectal swabs are taken and transported via transport media or put in sterile container. In the laboratory direct microscopic examination with dark field illumination shows shooting star appearance of vibrio cholera against dark background. This test diagnosis in 80% cases of infection. Specimen can be cultured in bile salt agar medium over night and examined under oblique light for colonies. Serological tests like direct haemagglutination test and cholera phage type test are also available for phage typing (Robbins, Stanley, Kumar, and Cotran 2010) . v) Causative Organism: Cholera is caused by vibrio cholera (serogroups O1 and O139 are cause outbreaks), sero-type O1 causing the majority of the outbreaks, while serotype O139 causes less outbreaks and it is limited to South-East Asia. Other serotypes non-O1 and non-O139 cause mild disease only (WHO, Fact sheet on cholera 2010). vi) Modes of Transmission: Use of water contaminated with faeces from water wells, ponds, lakes and rivers for drinking purposes, consumption of contaminated food, drinks, vegetables, and fruits, ingesting cooked food, contaminated due to handling with contaminated hands and exposd to flies. Transmission also occurs due to direct person to person contact when one have contaminated hands and fomites. vii) Incubation period is from few hours to 2 days viii) Prevention: Traditionally the preventive measures include coordination between public and private sectors to achieve clean water supplies, proper disposal of excreta and waste water, safe handling of cooked food, drinks and other edibles protecting them from flies and conteminated hands, behaviroal modification and health education and knowledge about imporatance of personal hygiene. Currently two oral whole-cell killed vaccines Dukoral and Shanchol are commercially available. These are effective and provide more than 50% protection from vibrio cholera (WHO, Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations 2008). Management: It includes replacement of fluid and electrolytes using intravenously ringer lactate when vomiting is present and oral fluids when there is no vomiting. Antibiotics, doxycycline 300mg or ciprofloxacillin 1gm or oxytetracycline 250 mg x 6hourly for 3 days reduces duration of diarrhoea and ammount of fluid loss (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Cholera in Zimbabwe The cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe began in August, 2008. According to WHO update June 9, 2009, cholera epidemic in Zimbabwe slowed down during 2009. The number of suspected cases of cholera was 98424 and number of deaths due to the epidemic reached 4276. According to the information given in this WHO report, 4.3% cholera patients have died due to cholera. The most of the reported cases of cholera (56%) affected Harare and its suburban areas, Beitbridge near South African border and Mudzi near Mozambique border. (WHO, Global Alert and Response 2009). Relavant risks factors are poor personal hygine, contaminated water and food, malnutrition, flies, migration, poverty and over crowding at camps.Limitations and hurdles to control cholera incude poor national efforts to find and control cases due to poor intersectorial coordination, political instabiity, emigaration of population, overcrowding near borders, insecurity and lack of resources for many immigrants to maintain proper food and sanitation, lack of health care providers and overstretched health care system. Q3 Investigate the effect of global warming on the patterns of three diseases of your choice. Look at where these diseases are now found considering where they were not 20 years ago. What has enabled these diseases to spread? (i.e. was it the increase in temperature, the spread of the vector, change to a different vector etc?). Answer Malaria Malaria is a parasitic infection and in humans it is caused by plasmodium falciparum, P.vivax , P.malarie and P.ovale and P.knowlesi. Malaria is transmitted when infected female Anopheline mosquito bites human. It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas below altitude of 1500 meters. According to WHO estimates 300-500 million cases of malaria occur every year in the world and more than one million people die annually because of malaria (WHO, Water-related Diseases 2010). Global Warming and Malaria: Global warming is leading to climate change in many regions of the world. There is increase in rains, rise in temperature and increased moisture that favors spread of insect vectors. This leads to increase in transmission of vector born diseases including malaria. Climate change or global warming is moving malaria to higher altitudes. Examples of spread of malaria are in highlands in Eastern part of Africa and Madagascar, Peoples Republic of Korea and the mountains of Papua New Guinea. These areas were malaria free 20 years back; are now experiencing seasonal epidemics. A model of predictions by Martens et al in 1995 showed that 3Â ° C increase in global temperature by 2100 will increase the annual malaria cases by 50-80 million (Martens et al., 1995). Causes of malaria spread: Environmental factors that help spread include temperature between 18Â ° C to 40Â ° C. At temperature lower than 16oC, development of plasmodium inside the mosquito stops. Humidity level of 60% is necessary for mosquito life. Rain provide breeding places. When a female Anopheline mosquito with sporozoites in her salivary glands bites human being it transmits malaria. Transfusion of blood containing malarial parasites and lack of prophylaxis can lead to spread of malaria. Prevention and Control : Chemoprophylaxis is achieved by chloroquine, malarone, doxycycline or mefloquine. Vector control strategies include indoor and outdoor spraying of insecticides, using insecticides treated nets and treatment of mosquito breeding sites with insecticides to eliminate them. The other measures are proper disposal of waste water and filling of waste water reservoirs (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Dengue In 1960 there was no case dengue fever, in 1990, the average number of cases reached above 400,000 and in 2005 the number reached above 900,000.In last twenty years geographical distribution of disease and number of cases have increased dramatically. The disease is endemic in south-east Asia, India, Africa, Caribbean and Americas (Mahr 2007). Causative Organism and vector: Causative organism is dengue flavi virus with four serotypes and all produce similar clinical syndrome. Principal vector is mosquito Aedes Aegypti but Aedes albopictus is also a vector in south-east Asian countries (Mahr 2007). Transmission: Reservoir of infection is man and mosquito. Transmission cycle includes man-mosquito-man. All ages and sexes are susceptible. Factors leading to spread of the disease: Increasing population and urbanization lead to improper management of water supply and water storage in open containers. The mosquito breeds in standing water. Air coolers using water and tyre dumps contain stagnant water and act as breeding sites. Global warming leading increased rains causing stagnant water pool thus cause spread of vector. In south-east Asia additional vector Aedes albopictus may also participate in spread of disease (Mahr 2007). Prevention: Main preventive strategies include abolishing Aedies mosquito breeding places and insecticide srpay to destroy adults. No vaccine is available (Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Clinical features: Incubation period is 2-7 days. Disease can be asymptomatic but it is more severe in infants and elderly. Severe disease is called dengue haemorrhagic fever and causes circulatory failure and systemic complication. Main clinical features are continuous fever for 4-5 days, headache, severe body pains, pain in eyes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rash. Complications like internal and external bleeding occurs(Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Treatment: Symptomatic, fluid replacement and treatment of shock Japanese Encephaitis (JE) This is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Flavivirus. The vector is culicine mosquito. The disease predominantly affects children aged less than 15 years and has high fatality rate. Effect of global warming on spread of disease: This is a zoonotic disease that infects animals and occasionally human beings. The disease was endemic in Japan, China and Korea 25 years ago but now it is found in large population of South East Asia. The global warming has lead to changes in the environment of South East Asia with increased humidity and increase in rains. This has resulted in increased breeding places of mosquito and spread of disease(Boon, Nicholas, and Davidson 2006). Spread of Disease: Spread is through all serotypes of JE virus. The vector, culicine mosquito breeds in places containing water like rice water fields, water pools in jungles, ditches and fields. The reservoirs of virus are pigs and aquatic birds (Park 2008). Clinical Features: It is a systemic illness with fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, seizures and paralysis. Control: By vector control using insecticide sprays in the fields, use of mosquito nets and vaccination of population at risk. Q4. Summaries of Readings Nelson K, Williams C. (2007): Early History of Infectious Disease: Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases. In Infectious Disease Epidemiology Theory and Practice, 2nd edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, USA. This article describes early epidemics of infectious diseases in ancient civilizations, the gradual development of knowledge of infectious diseases and their control and development of public health measures and their role in infectious disease control in western civilizations. The ancient history of Greece and Egypt mentions epidemics of infectious diseases that killed kings as well as common people in large number. Political unrest and massive dislocation as a result of wars helped spread of diseases. From the writings of early historians researchers think these epidemics were due to smallpox, tuberculosis, diphtheria and meningococcal infection. The bubonic plague epidemics with other communicable disease caused wide spread epidemics in 160CE and 165-180CE in Europe leading demise of Hans and Roman empires and killing 5 million people. The plague epidemics occurred again in 12th and 14th centuries in Europe and killed massive number of Europeans. In cities people with better immunity survived. Small pox epidemic occurred in 14th century BCE in Egypt. Latter on it was disseminated in Europe. Wars and invasion disseminated it to Americas and killed hundreds of thousand people as they have no immunity against it. At that time it became known that skin lesio ns transmit disease and survivors were immune to re-infection. Deliberate exposure to disease was a practice used in China and India before its use in Europe. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) in his treatise stated that environmental factors were responsible for occurrence of disease. Claudius Galen (131-201 CE) used ideas of Hippocrates and his knowledge of anatomy and physiology from animals and humans to describe his ideas in his writings. His writings were used in Europe till The Middle Ages. The contagious nature of infectious diseases were known but control measures were ineffective due to lack of knowledge of epidemiology. In case of plague, infected cases were quarantined and possessions and corpses were disposed off. The importance of rats and fleas in the epidemic of disease was not recognized. The lepers were considered as sinners during The Middle Ages. Fracastoro (1478-1553) presented the idea that transmission of infectious disease from one person to another was due to minute particles. The disease was transmitted by direct contact, by fomites and through air. The process of variolation, means intentionally inoculation people to induce immunity was advocated by scientists. Mather (1663-1728) described it in his slave. Edward Jenner (1749-1826) successfully inoculated cowpox in a boy to induce immunity against smallpox. This was first clinical trial of a vaccine. The small pox vaccination lead to its eradication two centuries later. Napoleon vaccinated his army against smallpox. Thomas Sydenham(1624-1689) advocated and differentiated various febrile illness by careful observation and many others adopted same strategy to describe illnesses including infectious diseases. John Snow (1813-1858) and William Budd (1868-1953) performed epidemiology of cholera and typhoid fever respectively before isolation of organisms. The other scientists started careful clinical observation, diagnosis and measure to control and treat patients. John Graunt(1620-1674) documented number and causes of death in London during a third of century, ratio of births and deaths of both sexes and these ratios in rural and urban areas and constructed life tables. The public health data was used to study infectious disease epidemics. It was also used to implement sanitary reform in London and proving cost-effectiveness of public health measures. Analytic use of public health data was introduced by William Far(1807-1883) Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented microscope and described bacteria and spirochetes in fecal material and rain water. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) showed that microorganisms cause fermentation and Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed microorganism cause disease. Later on other scientists discovered microorganisms as causative agents for various infectious diseases and the vectors responsible for transmission of causative agent. The yellow fever virus was discovered in 1898 by Reed. It was discovered that yellow fever virus is transmitted by mosquito Aedes aegypti. Malarial parasite was discovered by Alfonse Laveran in 1880. Ronald Ross discovered life cycle of avian malaria and Grassi discovered anopheline mosquito were vector for malaria and avian life cycle was same in humans. The knowledge of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases, the progress in bacteriology, immunology, virology, statistics have helped in understanding of epidemiology of infectious diseases. But still infectious diseases cause many deaths and outbreaks in various parts of the world every year. Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming and subsequent development of various antibiotics has made treatment of infectious diseases possible. The public health officials and epidemiologists now assist health authorities in control of infectious diseases. Advancements in public health have increase the average life span of Infectious disease challenge: The advancements in genetics, virology and antiviral therapy had modified course of many infectious diseases. The older techniques of diagnosis and management of disease are being replaced with new ones. But still the challenge of infectious disease control remains ahead. Overview of the Control of Disease This article deals with control of infectious diseases during 20th century and challenges ahead during 21st century. During 20th century, there was decline in infant mortality that resulted 29.2 years increase of life expectancy. During 19th century, more than 30% deaths occurred in children under 5 years of age which dropped to 1.4% in 1997. In 1900, leading causes of death were pneumonia, tuberculosis diarrhea and enteritis. While in 1997, the main causes of death are heart disease and cancers. The decline in death rate during 20th century can be attributed to discoveries of 19th century like micro-organisms, improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene. The implementation of mass vaccination programs, invention of antibiotics, disease surveillance and control systems can be due to scientific advancements. Industrialization and mass movement of people towards cites during 19th century lead to epidemics of infectious diseases due to overcrowding, poor housing, poor person hygiene and poor sanitary measures. During 20th century chlorinated water supplies, proper waste disposal, better housing, better animal and pest control, use of disinfectants and application of sanitation measures in ships lead to decline infectious diseases. Mass vaccination programs caused fall in tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Measles, mumps and rubella infections were also controlled. Vaccination Assistance Act helped continuous supply of childhood vaccines. Antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs help control TB and other infections. Technological advances lead to serological testing and control of viral diseases. During 21st century continuous need of research into mortality and morbidity is needed to control and treat infectious diseases. Appearance of AIDS and some other infections show evolution in microbes. Molecular genetics show the appearance of drug resistant strains of microbes. For future success public health needs to address these and other upcoming challenges. Chase, A. (1982): Magic shots. William Morrow and Company Inc., New York. This article describes history of development of smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796, the behavior of political, social, religious forces and scientists related to use of this vaccine in Europe and USA, the history of epidemics of smallpox, WHO campaigns for eradication of smallpox and finally eradication of smallpox. The Chinese and Indians knew before Christian era that material from smallpox lesions can be used to induce long lasting immunity in health individuals while Europeans lacked this knowledge. During 18th century the physicians in Western world started vaccinating affluent people with infected material from smallpox patients (called variolation) this caused active disease in 5-10% of variolated individuals, high mortality and severe complications. This led to banning of variolation practice in some US states. The smallpox was introduced into Europe as a result of Holy Crusade during first two centuries of second millennium. The crusaders infected with smallpox returned back to Europe and spread the disease. The smallpox existed in India, China, Egypt and Greece since thousands of years. Of and on epidemics killed hundreds of thousands of people and blinded and disfigured many due to complications. The smallpox was introduced to Americas by Spanish and European settlers. It was unknown there before so Native Americans did not have immunity against it. It resulted in numerous deaths devastating their civilizations. Edward Jenner, a Scottish physician noted that milk maids developed mild form of disease after they came in contact with lymph and secretions in the lesions of cows with cowpox. This was without complications and subsequently they became immune against smallpox. He was also aware that many people in cattle business inoculate themselves with lymph from cowpox pustules and become immune against smallpox. Jenner inoculated an eight year old boy with lymph from cowpox lesion (cowpox virus) by scratching his skin. The boy developed mild cowpox. After few weeks Jenner inoculated the same boy with lymph taken from smallpox patient, the boy did not developed smallpox. The inoculation of boy with lymph from other smallpox patient also did not cause smallpox in him. Jenner then repeated the experiment on other people and found that all developed immunity against smallpox after inoculation with lymph from cowpox. This was invention of a very safe and effective smallpox vaccine and beginning of immunology. Although during 18th CE smallpox was a major cause of death in Europe killing 15 million people every 25 years. Many influential people opposed use of Jenners smallpox vaccine due to various reasons. Industrial revolution resulted increase in population of poor areas of cities, sanitation issues and epidemics of all infectious diseases including smallpox. The English rich ruling class wanted Jenners vaccine for themselves and their families only. They allocated very small funds for its use in Ireland, and were against mass vaccination of public. The conservative religious riches considered saving poor from smallpox will disturb balance of nature and increase their population. The cost benefit analysis by experts was also used to show that mass vaccination was uneconomical. The English and French armies got vaccination against smallpox. Napoleon favored Jenners vaccine. Malthus and his supporters successfully opposed mass vaccination and other public health measures in Britain. Many of the colleagues opposed smallpox vaccination due to professional jealously with Jenner while other supported recognizing its benefits. The German and Scandinavian ruling class supported and implement ed mass vaccination during early part of 19th century decades before the English did so. In US Dr Benjamin Waterhouse a professor at Harvard visited Europe, became aware of smallpox vaccine and wrote President Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President at that time about the global eradication of smallpox. Jefferson agreed and appreciated the idea. The smallpox vaccine was imported and also prepared in US and small level vaccination was started. There were forces of opposition like England that slowed progress of vaccination. Shattuck Report in 1850 examined state of public health affairs in Massachusetts and stressed periodic vaccination of people along with all the sanitary measures. Immigrants from China and Europe, slaves from South and local poor provided cheap labor and were unable to afford proper housing and sanitation. They lived in crowded dwellings suitable for infectious disease epidemics including smallpox. The outbreaks occurred between 1820-1870 killing hundreds of thousand people. In Europe, during smallpox pandemic during 1870-1875, the dead rate in countries without compulsory vaccination was four times higher than those with compulsory vaccination Smallpox became internationally notifiable disease in 1926. WHO launched campaigns to eradicate smallpox from the world. First two campaigns failed but the third become successful and the last case of smallpox was reported in Somalia in 1977. Bureau of Smallpox Eradication became part of CDC in 1966 to endure safe vaccination against smallpox. The complications of smallpox vaccination are insignificant. World is global village and US and other countries can remain free of infectious diseases if they help less fortune countries to improve sanitation, overcrowding, personal hygiene, safe water supplies and other public health measures. Giesecke J. (2002). Mathematical models for Epidemics. In Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology. London. Mathematical models are used in weather forecasting, economics and sociology. They are based upon certain assumptions, take more important factors as determinants of development and used for predictions and other protocols. These models are also useful in infectious disease epidemiology. Basic reproductive rate (Ro) gives average number of people who gets directly infected by an infectious case during infectious period in a susceptible population. During an epidemic current reproductive rate (R) is used. In an epidemic when R is greater than 1 shows disease will disappear when it is equal to 1, it will become endemic and when R is larger than 1 it becomes epidemic. When a proportion p of a population already immunized, p x R0 people will not catch infection and R p x R0 will be infected. Since epidemic occurs when R p x R0 is greater than 1so increasing secondary immunization level in a population increases value of p x R0 and epidemic does not occur. We can represent this relationship in a simple formula. R p x R0 (R0 -1) / R0 The determinants of Ro are risk of transmission per contact (ÃŽÂ ²), the number of contacts of an average person in a population (ÃŽÂ º) and during of infectivity of a person (D). Mathematically we can show the relationship Ro = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x D The infections with high infectivity and longer immunity (childhood diseases), Ro estimation can be from average age at infection time. The formula R0 = 1 + L/A where L is average life span of a person and A is age when infection occurred. Researchers discuss a simple model of infectious disease making assumptions that disease occurs in a fixed population with zero latent period having duration of infectivity equal to clinical manifestation of disease. The population of size n can be divided into three proportions namely S, susceptible portion of n; I, currently infected and infectious proportion of n and R, immune proportion of n. Before infection S=1 while I and R are 0. With the spread of epidemic S decreases R increases and I first increases then decreases. Three equations can be setup and during epidemic these will be dS/dt = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x S x I -(a) dI/dt = ÃŽÂ ² x ÃŽÂ º x S x I-I/D -(b) dR/dt =I/D-(c) Here eq.(a) shows proportion of susceptible people is decreasing. Eq (b) show

Oregon Geography Essay -- essays research papers

The Oregon Coast runs from north to south along the Pacific Ocean. Oregon is three-hundred and sixty miles long and two-hundred and sixty miles wide, making it the ninth largest state. Oregon is bordered by California and Nevada on the south, Washington on the north, Idaho on the west and of course, the Pacific Ocean. Oregon's nickname is the Beaver State because in the nineteenth century beaver skins were very valuable to trappers in the area. The longitude in Oregon is 116 45W to 124 30W. The Latitude is 42N to 46 15N. The Highest point in Oregon is Mount Hood reaching 11,239 feet high. The lowest point in the state of Oregon is the Pacific Ocean. According to www.netstats.com the average elevation in Oregon is 3,300 feet above sea level. Oregon is known for its lumber about one tenth of the United States lumber is in Oregon. Oregon is also the leading lumber provider in the United States. Oregon has 3.3 billion dollars lumber and wood industry. It also has an 859 million dollar paper and allied manufacturing industry. The two leading manufactured items in the state of Oregon are lumber and paper. The states natural beauty and grade A quality of life has helped it economic and population growth. The past twenty years, Oregon has reduced its heavy involvement in natural resources and has increased its industrial diversity. According to www.merriamwebster.com Oregon has a very high unemployment rate but is slowly decreasing as the states per capita income increases. The major products in Oregon are lumber, water, and fish. Symbols are very important to a state. Oregon has three major symbols. The first symbol is the hazelnut. Oregon grows ninety-nine percent of the entire United States commerc... ... by going to the Columbia River Maritime Museum home to one of the nations finest display of model artifacts. Then we would head down to the Astoria Bridge. The Bridge is over four mile long and it is a nice walk. There is also many activities for families. Families could go fishing, cycling, scuba diving, windsurfing, and surfing. There are limitless options on the Oregon Coast. Lastly, after being on the coast for four days we would head back into Eugene where we would fly out of, and attend a Oregon Ducks Football game. Eugene holds a cultural center for Oregon. Before the football game we would walk down to Saturday morning market, and experience new things. In conclusion with this tour, Oregon holds some of the countries most valuable resources. The geographers on this tour will be more knowledgeable about the Oregon Coast, and its surroundings.

Be Fruitful and Multiply

â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply. † This is a line we commonly hear at Mass, but what does it really mean? If we read the bible, we can find this line in Genesis, at that moment after God has created heaven and earth, plants and animals, and Adam and Eve. This sentence is redundant and simple, yet it holds a deep meaning.â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply†Ã¢â‚¬â€this is God’s way of telling us to reproduce, to have children who represent God as we represent Him as we are created after His likeness. In the bible, however, there are certain instances that somehow contradict this line’s purpose.Two examples are the tower of Babel and the pharaoh’s order to gather and eliminate all Hebrew male babies. The tower of Babel was constructed after the Great Flood. Noah’s descendants have already multiplied—they have formed a very large family that uses the same language.They have built the tower to raise themselves to the heavens and seek glory highe r than God’s. At such insolence, God punished them by scattering them throughout the world and confusing their language. Thereafter, God’s people continue to multiply and be fruitful. However, they started to bear fruits of different natures, different colors, and different tongues.The pharaoh, at the time of Moses’ birth, ordered for all male Hebrew babies to be killed and cast to the sea for fear that, as their population continued to thrive, the Egyptians will be overthrown. This act contradicted God’s command of being fruitful and multiplying. However, though this had been the case, God’s words still found its way to being made possible.The Hebrews, led by the grown-up Moses, were able to break free from the Egyptians’ oppression. They were able to reach the Promised Land that overflows with milk and honey, and since that time, they were again able to be fruitful and multiply.

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

The initial intention (for giving the handphone) is to provide facilities for us to know where our kids are but we must think twice before doing so. I advice parents to know how to adopt the technology before giving a mobile phone to their child. For instance, you must know if the phone given to your child only has the basics or if it’s more than that. But I still oppose just giving a basic phone. For me, not giving a phone is the best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity for others to do bad things. We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school with not doing the homework because of the handphone. I believed that using cell phones during class will cause distraction. It doesn’t matter to students that they are not allowed to use their cell phones while they are in class, they do it anyway. They often send text messages to each other and this can distract them from their education, as well as distract the person they are texting, which is likely to be another student. Many people call this the new way of passing notes. Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is that they can be used to cheat during quizzes and exams. A student could receive silent text messages from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their cell phones at school, it makes rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their friend to tell them about it, and their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so on. Some also think that the fast spreading of rumors makes it more likely that the rumors will worsen as it is being spread, and that the quicker it spreads, the worse it gets. In some reasons, I felt that cell phones do not improve school safety. For example when there is an emergency, cell phone signals become jammed if everyone attempts to contact people at once. This can make it difficult for teachers to contact the authorities. If students do successfully contact their parents, parents may all rush to the scene, which can conflict with evacuations or other responses. If students contact their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of students bullying other students. If there are risks involved and you have calculated and you know that the risks won’t benefit you, why take the risk? Better not to have the risk at all by not giving them a handphone.

Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essays

Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essays Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essay Training and development in puma a major german multinational company Essay Puma is a major German transnational company that produces high-end athletic places, lifestyle footwear and other athletic wear. Formed in 1924 by Rudolf Dassler, the company is based in Herzogenaurach, Germany. The company is known for its football places and has sponsored the football players, including, Johan Cruijff, Enzo Francescoli, Diego Maradona, Lothar Matthaus, Kenny. Puma is besides the patron of the Jamaica path jock Usain Bolt who won three gold decorations by interrupting the work forces s 100m, 200m and 4x100m universe records in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the United States, the company is likely best-known for the hoops shoe it introduced in 1968, which has the name of New York Knicks hoops star Walt Clyde Frazier, and for its partnership with Joe Namath. The company besides offers lines places and athleticss vesture, designed by Lamine Kouyate, Amy Garbers, and others. Since 1996 Puma has intensified its activities in the United States. Puma owns 25 % of American trade name athleticss vesture shaper Logo Athletic, which is licensed by American professional hoops and association football. Since 2007 Puma AG has been portion of the Gallic luxury group PPR. The quality of employees and their development through preparation and instruction are major factors in finding long-run profitableness of a little concern. If you hire and maintain good employees, it is good policy to put in the development of their accomplishments, so they can increase their productiveness. Training frequently is considered for new employees merely. This is a error because ongoing preparation for current employees helps them adjust to altering occupation demands. Purpose of Training and Development Reasons for the growing and development of forces include Making a pool of readily available and equal replacings for forces who may go forth or travel up in the organisation. Enhancing the company s ability to follow and utilize progresss in engineering because of a sufficiently knowing staff. Constructing a more efficient, effectual and extremely motivated squad, which enhances the company s competitory place and improves employee morale. Guaranting equal human resources for enlargement into new plans. Research has shown specific benefits that a little concern receives from preparation and developing its workers, including: Increased productiveness. Reduced employee turnover. Increased efficiency ensuing in fiscal additions. Decreased demand for supervising. Employees often develop a greater sense of dignity, self-respect and wellbeing as they become more valuable to the house and to society. Generally they will have a greater portion of the stuff additions that result from their increased productiveness. These factors give them a sense of satisfaction through the accomplishment of personal and company ends. The Training Procedure Choice of Trainees For a little concern, this inquiry is important. Training an employee is expensive, particularly when he or she leaves your house for a better occupation. Therefore, it is of import to carefully choose who will be trained. Training plans should be designed to see the ability of the employee to larn the stuff and to utilize it efficaciously, and to do the most efficient usage of resources possible. It is besides of import that employees be motivated by the preparation experience. Employee failure in the plan is non merely damaging to the employee but a waste of money as good. Choosing the right trainees is of import to the success of the plan. Training Goals The ends of the preparation plan should associate straight to the demands determined by the appraisal procedure outlined above. Course aims should clearly province what behavior or skill will be changed as a consequence of the preparation and should associate to the mission and strategic program of the company. Goals should include mileposts to assist take the employee from where he or she is today to where the house wants him or her in the hereafter. Puting ends helps to measure the preparation plan and besides to actuate employees. Leting employees to take part in puting ends increases the chance of success. Training Methods There are two wide types of preparation available to little concerns: on-the-job and off-the-job techniques. Individual fortunes and the who, what and why of your preparation plan determine which method to utilize. On-the-job preparation is delivered to employees while they perform their regular occupations. In this manner, they do non lose clip while they are larning. After a program is developed for what should be taught, employees should be informed of the inside informations. A timetable should be established with periodic ratings to inform employees about their advancement. On-the-job techniques include orientations, occupation direction preparation, apprenticeships, internships and assistantships, occupation rotary motion and coaching. Off-the-job techniques include talks, particular survey, movies, telecasting conferences or treatments, instance surveies, function playing, simulation, programmed direction and research lab preparation. Most of these techniques can be used by little concerns although, some may be excessively dearly-won. Recession off the occupation technique used by the cougar such as talks, particular survey and more more installations are besides provided to their employees with the up to day of the month techniques and as per the recession had the bad consequence on the economic system and the company besides took up the disciplinary steps to acquire rid through this difficult clip. and as per the company was passing long procedure of preparation and to cut the cost it has lesser the clip of the preparation procedure. cougar reported 2nd one-fourth grosss of a‚Â ¬2.91 billion, a 19 % addition from the a‚Â ¬2.45 billion in 2009. Net income, on the other manus, soared 1300 % to a‚Â ¬126 million from a‚Â ¬9 million the twelvemonth earlier. The company attributed this success chiefly to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. At present the company has workforce around 103000-105000 work force and the company turnover rate is around 2 % -5 % which is really less by planetary criterions. Puma have dedicated Centres for developing their entry degree. Reebok significantly outsources the same. Besides developing is more vocational where in focal point is on learning persons tools instead than basicss ( nevertheless their WASE plan for BSc folks is an exclusion ) . I know it will be strongly objected to by Reebok folks but I suggest they do a speedy canvass. REEBOK OVERVIEW Reebok International feels comfy stepping out onto any surface. The company has long been at place in featuring spheres as a top US shaper of athletic places, behindA NIKE. In add-on to its namesake athletic wear and accoutrements, Reebok athleticss Rockport and Reebok places and caters to hockey aficionados through itsA RebookA unit. It operates more than 220 retail shops. Reebok, which has been credited as lighting the aerobic exercise fad, patrons athleticss stars and has taken paces to hike its manner quotient. Its Your Move ad run aims to spur clients to do Reebok portion of their personal fittingness goals.A adidasA has owned Reebok since 2006. TheA Reebok StadiumA is the homeA stadiumA ofA English Premier LeagueA football clubA Bolton Wanderers, and is located on theA Middlebrook Retail ParkA inA Horwich, in theA Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, A Greater Manchester.It is normally known as TheA Reebok . It has four bases: TheA Bolton Evening NewsA Stand at one terminal, the So uth Stand at the other terminal, the West Stand at one side of the pitch and the Nat Lofthouse Stand at the other side. The bowl has a hotel built into it giving arresting positions of the pitch from some of the suites. Training methods Off-The Job Training: Reebok has used the off the occupation preparation. School or Institutions is established to supply preparation to all types of individuals. A plan of preparation is designed to accommodate the demand of the occupation which the trainee occupies. Some different classs are arranged for detached group employees. There are several methods of Off-The Job Training aˆ?Role Playing aˆ?Lecture Method aˆ?Conference Method+ aˆ?Vestibule Consequence of recession It was stated that more than 950,000 staff found that the downswing had adversely affected the acquisition and development scheme of 59 % of the organisations surveyed. Two-thirdss of these responded by cut downing their preparation spend, with 63 % holding to cut back on acquisition and development, 30 % cut downing in-house preparation, and 24 % seeing preparation end product reduced. However, 65 % of organisations have stepped up their attempts to develop employee accomplishments and competences in the face of the downswing, frequently with decreased resources. Ninety-five per cent said alining employee accomplishments with concern ends was a major concern when planning acquisition and development activities. Other major influences included bettering competency and proficient accomplishments ( 83 % ) ; upgrading line directors people direction accomplishments ( 82 % ) ; and set uping effectual leading ( 78 % ) ( see chart, right ) . About three-fifths ( 59 % ) have had to reevaluate their preparation methods in a command to minimise costs, while 20 % have embarked on an employee retraining exercising to help redisposition in their organisation. The average preparation spend per employee was found to be ?334. In footings of the types of preparation activities used, the most common method for executives and managers was the usage of external, one-off conferences and seminars ( 81 % ) , followed by training and mentoring by external practicians ( 60 % ) , and aid from co-workers ( 56 % ) . But in footings of effectivity, coaching was the clear victor, cited by 45 % of respondents. It is besides going an progressively popular development method for directors, used by 65 % . For non-managerial staff, OFF-the-job preparation was the most popular method ( 94 % ) , followed by informal aid from co-workers ( 94 % ) , and in-house classroom-style preparation ( 92 % ) . Predictions for the following outgo reappraisal were glooming, with 32 % anticipating developing spend to fall ( compared with 16 % in 2007 ) , and 18 % expecting a rise ( compared with 39 % in 2007 ) . Forty-three per cent believed their preparation budget would stay the same. Analysis of cougar and Reebok Both the companies making good as the preparation and development procedure for their employees and immense sum of their budget was allocated to their preparation and development. But the Reebok was more good in supplying all the above preparation and so, we come to the decision that Reebok more good than cougars but during the recession there is more consequence on the Reebok so harmonizing to the budget the Reebok is good than the cougar and the quality of the Reebok is much batter than the cougar.. cougar has come through the recession as more faster than Reebok and the techniques which are applied were more effectual than Reebok but as Reebok has besides been awarded as the best employer but the abrasion discount of cougar was really less as comparison to the desired criterions and besides the preparation techniques of Reebok were non so successful than cougar and from the information it is clear that Reebok has done good occupation in acquiring trough the difficult clip without taking to unemployment. Suggestion Harmonizing to me the cougar is traveling good but if we see the harmonizing to the recession the cougar is traveling good but after the recession the Reebok is much better than the cougar as per we see the budget and all the Reebok is good on the another side the both companies use the off the occupation preparation which is really good for their employees because of the off the occupation developing Reebok perform good than the cougar.

Tragedy in Dantes Comedy essay

Tragedy in Dantes Comedy essay Tragedy in Dantes Comedy essay Tragedy in Dantes Comedy essayThe mysterious and tragic events, the readers are fond of in Dante’s works, seem to have their roots in his personal life. He was born in Italy, in 1265 the period of serious political transformations in the country. At the age of 20, Dante had to marry a woman, which his family had chosen for him. It was a personal tragedy for the author, who was at that moment in love with another woman Beatrice. Her past, her roots and finally her sudden death are bearing a cover of mystery and melancholy, which the readers are able to sense, when reading one of his most famous works The Comedy. The writing of The Comedy coincided with deep political crisis in Italy, developed on the basis of confrontation between state and church authorities, along with personal love anguish of the author. The two major characters of The Comedy Beatrice and Virgil are in a way similar – as serving the guides for the author, at the same time the directions, they are go ing, are not the same: Beatrice is taking Dante to Heaven, reflecting his spirituality and morality, whereas Virgil – is his wise mentor and supporter in Hell, symbolizing his common sense and reason.Inferno, being the first part of The Comedy, is considered to be a virtuous political allegory, the outstanding exercise of intellect, breakthrough in the development of language and literature of the medieval times. The Comedy was written in Italian language, this played a vitally important role for expressing the Dante’s attitude towards political situation in the country, he used to live in. All the previous works he wrote in Latin, which was the language of the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church. The name of the poem was another allegory, because there was no intention either to make it humorous or to entertain reader with happy end, rather to penetrate into a classical tragedy with its intriguing beginning and tragic end.On his way through the afterlife, Dante meets a lot of characters, all of them have their stories and appeal to the deepest emotions of the readers, However the key figures in the whole poem remain Virgil, or better to say Virgil’s ghost and Beatrice. These two characters play different roles in the afterlife travel of the author. Most critics agree that Virgil is the presentation of human reason, which protects and guides any person throughout his life. In Inferno Virgil is the only character, who is constantly very close to Dante, who is protecting him from monsters and demons, who is wise and resolute as any mentor should be. Dante trusts him and listens to him. At the moment of their meeting, he says to Virgil: O light and honor of all other poets, may my long study and the intense love that made me search your volume serve me now.   You are my master and my author, you-the only one from whom my writing drew the noble style for which I have been honored.† (Alighieri 13). He derives his moral strength in Virg il’s support, learns his moral lessons. Dante is not that impartial as Virgil, as he often feels sympathy towards the sinners, they meet on their way in Inferno. Here Virgil’s impatience contributes to his presentation as a human being, instead of ghost, as such emotions can only be inherent to an individual. However general attitude of the author is rather dual, because along with this admiration of Virgil’s wisdom, Dante often underlines his poetic weakness as a classical bard. Thus, if Virgil is seen by the author on the one hand as wise mentor and on the other hand as a poetic competitor, Beatrice is Dante’s inspiration. Real relationship with Beatrice is mysterious and the only fact, which is evident nowadays, is the passion and desire, Dante felt towards his muse. There are no evidences if his love was answered by Beatrice, but in The Comedy, she is the one, who initiated this journey, because she loved him and was concerned about the path he chose. She has to leave her place in Heaven and go to Hell, to guide Dante. Actually the role of the Beatrice is not so prominent in Inferno, as it becomes further, when she takes the leading role instead of Virgil and shows Dante the way to Heaven. The same like Virgil at some moments, managed to become a strong supporter for the author, Beatrice is also a kind of light at the end of the tunnel when Dante believes, that he can not go any further, he only has to think of his love to Beatrice and meeting with her is the strongest motivation for him. From the way, Beatrice is presented in the poem, from her role in it, we can assume, that she is the reflection of spiritual love, as it was seen by the author, the strongest and the most gentle feeling a human is able to experience in his life.  During his whole life Dante Alighieri was surrounded by moral, ethical, philosophical political problems, the solution for which he was so much eager to find. All the historical and political events , he had witnessed, had deep impact upon formation of his ideals and conceptions. Looking for the answers for the most burning questions, he was creating his famous works, which attract readers till nowadays. The brightest characters, which he managed to create, penetrate the readers into his world of pure love, literary and philosophical wanderings: Virgil, being his mentor and competitor and Beatrice – his spiritual love and muse.

Online advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online advertising - Essay Example The research proposes five testable hypotheses that are directly related to the research question. The first hypothesis tested whether information belief, entertainment belief, economy belief, credibility belief, or value corruption belief affects attitudes towards online advertising (ATOA) positively or negatively. Two more hypotheses features the influence of ATOA on the responses given by consumers while the fourth and fifth compares the effect of online advertising between the two areas covered in the study, USA and Romania. The examination of the research problem was to gauge the effectiveness of online advertising across people of different cultural backgrounds. The objective of the authors in examining the influence of various parameters towards online advertising has recurred in the introduction. However, the authors fail to be specific on the quoted literature when quoting the literature in use. They just mention that a host of studies supports the research objective without being specific on what the likes of ‘Ducoffe, 1996’ and ‘Russell et al., 1994’ say about the research topic. The results of these sources are analyzed in a global view. The research analyzed some variables, the beliefs and ATOA against the effectiveness of advertising in various areas. The research’s methodology was effectively chosen and implemented. The objective was categorical and was clearly captured in the hypotheses; belief factors about online advertising have an effect on ATOA and vary across cultures. The most prevalent belief factors were analyzed, which includes that of information, entertainment, economy, credibility, and value corruption. The objective of the research facilitated the use of surveys in achieving the desirable results. The survey involved 577 participants who have been internet users in both USA and Romania. The choice of the participants

Does a mentoring program offered in hospitals for newly hired nurses Essay

Does a mentoring program offered in hospitals for newly hired nurses help retention - Essay Example As a mentor he or she demonstrates and promotes lifelong learning and is able to reveal tremendous communication and critical thinking skills. Further a mentor is trusted and appreciated as a leader in his or her organization for honesty and integrity. The mentor looks after and is compassionate to the needs of others and support freedom, maturity, and professional growth (Barton et al., 2005). At all stages of human life, nurses provide the care that attaches medical treatment with patients daily lives. Frequently working at top speed for 10- or 12-hour shifts, they make vital decisions and handle emotional situations. Various Nursing Institutions brings nurses up to that high performance level through a mentoring program that teaches them how to apply their skills on the nursing profession. The mentoring program helps new nurses make the changeover from classroom to the patient’s bedside. This teaches them to take responsibilities with confidence in a protected environment of working along with their mentor (University of Virginia, 2003). The Center for Health Workforce Planning of Iowa conducted an aggressive application method for three groups of projects targeting recruitment and retention of nurses and nursing assistive personnel. The groups were: demonstration projects to identify best practice strategies for successful recruitment and retention; mentor programs to ease employee retention; and personnel motivation incentive packages. The demonstration plans and mentoring programs submitted the final reports that acknowledged best practices. The Center’s Advisory Committee recommended the continuation of the demonstration plans for complete evaluation, replications and communication of the best practices (Towers, 2004). Workplace mentoring, and on-line resources will help nurses in improving their skills. Working with Nursing organizations, nursing

Relationship between social media networks and the concept of home Essay

Relationship between social media networks and the concept of home - Essay Example You must also include any SMN pages that you discuss as part of your essay submission. Introduction Home refers to the region, state or place that an individual properly belongs, as well as where he or she finds refuge, satisfaction and rest (Morley 2000, p. 10). It is not normally fixed in space despite the fact that it can be located somewhere. This is attributed to the fact that one person can grow up in one place and decide to settle in another area to start his own family. In both cases, he can call the place he grew up as him, and at the same time call his new place home. In this regard, home can be said to represent an individual’s organisation of space over a period of time (Moores 2005, p. 18). Other scholars have argued that home goes beyond physical space. In this regard, they imply that home is characterized by rhetorical territory (Cannon 2012, p. 45). That is, peoples’ character is said to be at home when they are at ease with people who surround them or s hare life together. This calls for the capability to be understood by others without difficulties, and following other people’s instructions and reasoning without lengthy explanations. On the other hand, it is said that an individual’s rhetorical identity is considered finished when the people who surrounds him does not understand the explanations he gives for his actions, the enthusiasm displayed or the criticism made (McIntyre, Williams, & McHugh 2006, p. 36). In this scenario, one can be said to have lost touch and is facing ‘un-homely’ situations. Home involves speaking without providing background information (Bachelard 1994, p. 25). Additionally, a lot can be understood from a few words; thus, no footnotes needed when passing out information. Home also gives people a feeling of security, comfort, family, intimacy, comfort and privacy (Nyman 2009, p. 227). Therefore, going home can mean returning to a firm position that one knows, is accustomed to, fe els safe, and his emotional relationships are at extremely intense. From all these we can ascertain that every human being needs to have something that he or she can hold on to and call home (Gay, Redman, & Evans 2000, p. 113). Home is an essential component of human life necessary for an individual to function properly in the society (Chapman & Hockey 1999, p. 58). This is attributed to the fact that home gives people an opportunity to develop, and mold themselves into the people they want to be in life. Therefore, an unstable and poorly managed home can affect an individual’s upbringing and make him an irresponsible person in the society (Spencer & Pahl 2006, p. 35). Home and Social Media Networks Several social media networks are related to the concept of home. Social networking refers to grouping of people into definite groups such as neighborhood subdivision or small rural communities (Boyd & Ellison 2007, p. 230). In as much as social networking can be in conducted in p erson, it is extremely popular online. This is attributed to the fact that there are several people in the internet who are out to gather and share experiences and information, as well as meet new people (Wetherell & Mohanty 2011, p. 120). Websites are commonly used in social networking, and the most commonly used social media websites include; Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, YouTube, Friendster, just to mention but a few. In this paper, I would focus on Facebook since it is the most

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Article Analysis Research Paper

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Article Analysis - Research Paper Example It is a requirement under the US stock exchange regulation to comply with SOX, hence Arch Reinsurance being a publicly held company needs to follow the act. The IT manager for Arch Reinsurance considers automation to be a successful approach towards compliance of SOX. The company hires limited staff and resources and to cover it up, proper internal controls are to be managed by the company by automating control procedures at the company. Like many other companies, Arch Reinsurance Ltd have also spent a hefty amount on SOX related compliance proposal. According to the IT manager of Arch Reinsurance Ltd, it would have been really difficult for the company to sustain SOX compliance if automation was not followed, for him; the vital area of concern was to control access to financial systems and other applications. This is done by keeping a proper log and change management system, proper record is kept of every log-in, log-out and every possible activity done by the staff in the system. P roper security is also kept to ensure that only authorized personnel get to log in to the system. A review is done by the manager and his staff of daily reports produced by the data center monitoring tools. These reports are later presented to SOX auditors during compliance testing. Like every company, Complying with SOX has been expensive and time consuming at Arch Reinsurance Ltd. Though the staff is limited in number, the control procedures followed at the company decreases its vulnerability to internal control failures. The procedures followed are quiet extensive as the IT manager has abundant knowledge of company data center operations. The main theme is to strengthen the internal control systems by automating the procedures and activities at Arch Reinsurance Ltd. While conducting an audit, the auditor should identify the control procedures to avoid any material

John Adams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Adams - Research Paper Example His family was rather modest, and his simple habits were typical for Massachusettsian farmers of that time (McCullough 18). Adams was a devout believer, but he still valued Greco-Roman literature and political theory: he was an ample reader of works by Cicero, Tacitus, Plato, Thucydides, and other political writers and philosophers of Ancient world (McCullough 19). Adams did not belong to learned or commercial elite of the Colonial society and was proud of his personal qualities such as eloquence. As a lawyer, he earned recognition of local community, yet his social ambition led him to view political career as his true destiny (McCullough 20). Adams first became an important figure during the campaign against the Stamp Act of 1765, as the decision of the British government to impose a direct tax on printed materials enraged the Americans. Adams played a prominent role in this campaign by drafting the so-called Braintree Instructions, a document presented by Massachusettsian citizens to the General Court of the colony. The Braintree Instructions presented such basic principles of future American political system as the connection between taxation and representation, and the necessity of trial by jury and independent judiciary (McCullough 61). The campaign against the Stamp Act would thus become the first contribution of Adams to the fight for independence of the future United States. The second important contribution of Adams to the cause of independence was his participation in the first and second Continental Congresses of 1774 and 1775. As the most prominent of representatives of Massachusetts, Adams possessed great influence among his fellow members of Congress, and his struggle for transformation of the colonies into independent states played an important role in convincing Congress of the necessity of independence. Adams played a key part in drafting the Congressional resolutions of 15 May 1776, which became a basis for the future draft of the Declaration of Independence (Wood 176). The most important work of Adams, Thoughts on Government (1776), had a decisive influence on the political thought of American Patriots (Wood 177). By arguing in favor of rule of law, Adams laid the foundations for American system of government. In Thoughts on Government Adams displayed a concern about the necessity of political balance between various branches of government in order to avoid possible abuses of power. The effect of Adams’ Thoughts on Government was extensive, as the principles he proclaimed received a wide audience (McCullough 103; Wood 178). This allowed Adams to become a respected figure in constitutional affairs. Despite the dominant role of Jefferson and Madison in drafting the Declaration of Independence, Adams played important role in proclamation of independence itself. He supported the Lee Resolution on 7 June 1776 that was to proclaim the United States â€Å"free and independent states†, and participated in the deba te in Congress that followed it (McCullough 118). The fruitful participation of Adams in the affairs of Congress, and his positive standing at the negotiations with General Howe in September 1776 allowed him to become a first representative of the USA in the European countries. Adams’ diplomatic career proved extremely fruitful for the United States. Even though his missions to

Compare the influence of the revolutionary leadership on the french Essay

Compare the influence of the revolutionary leadership on the french and Russian revolutions - Essay Example This discourse seeks to compare the influence of revolutionary leadership on French and Russian Revolutions. An analysis of the French Revolution clearly shows that the revolution occurred mainly as a result of poor leadership though the economy also played a part in its establishment. In this respect, historians reveal that in the 1780s just before the beginning of the French Revolution, the leaders of the country made a terrible mistake by allocating a large portion of the budget to finance the lavish estate of King Louis XVI at Versailles (Lucas 1973, p. 86). Surprisingly they did this despite the fact that many French citizens were suffering as the majority were not able to put food on the table. At the same time, the leaders allowed the country to operate without a central bank and paper currency and utilized antiquated tax system that only taxed the poor who had no money with which to buy even food. The continued poor leadership demonstrated by the top leaders of the country angered the French poor comprising mainly of the peasants who started to protest against poor leadership. The angered peasants reportedly invaded the Bastille in search of guns to use against the oppressive leaders. The invasion of Bastille resulted in a revolt against the king all over France. The revolt continued throughout 1789, resulting in the overthrow of King Louis (Lefebvre 2005, p. 34). It was after his toppling that the French established a democratic government. The Declaration of the Rights of Man doctrine was established after that, serving as the ground for the revolutionary French leaders. The French Revolution also resulted in the establishment of a government consisting of three arms, namely the executive, judiciary, and legislature. Under the new system of government, the executive was still headed by the King though the King only served as a figurehead with no real power. Similarly, the chaotic Russian

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Article Analysis Research Paper

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Article Analysis - Research Paper Example It is a requirement under the US stock exchange regulation to comply with SOX, hence Arch Reinsurance being a publicly held company needs to follow the act. The IT manager for Arch Reinsurance considers automation to be a successful approach towards compliance of SOX. The company hires limited staff and resources and to cover it up, proper internal controls are to be managed by the company by automating control procedures at the company. Like many other companies, Arch Reinsurance Ltd have also spent a hefty amount on SOX related compliance proposal. According to the IT manager of Arch Reinsurance Ltd, it would have been really difficult for the company to sustain SOX compliance if automation was not followed, for him; the vital area of concern was to control access to financial systems and other applications. This is done by keeping a proper log and change management system, proper record is kept of every log-in, log-out and every possible activity done by the staff in the system. P roper security is also kept to ensure that only authorized personnel get to log in to the system. A review is done by the manager and his staff of daily reports produced by the data center monitoring tools. These reports are later presented to SOX auditors during compliance testing. Like every company, Complying with SOX has been expensive and time consuming at Arch Reinsurance Ltd. Though the staff is limited in number, the control procedures followed at the company decreases its vulnerability to internal control failures. The procedures followed are quiet extensive as the IT manager has abundant knowledge of company data center operations. The main theme is to strengthen the internal control systems by automating the procedures and activities at Arch Reinsurance Ltd. While conducting an audit, the auditor should identify the control procedures to avoid any material

Compare the influence of the revolutionary leadership on the french Essay

Compare the influence of the revolutionary leadership on the french and Russian revolutions - Essay Example This discourse seeks to compare the influence of revolutionary leadership on French and Russian Revolutions. An analysis of the French Revolution clearly shows that the revolution occurred mainly as a result of poor leadership though the economy also played a part in its establishment. In this respect, historians reveal that in the 1780s just before the beginning of the French Revolution, the leaders of the country made a terrible mistake by allocating a large portion of the budget to finance the lavish estate of King Louis XVI at Versailles (Lucas 1973, p. 86). Surprisingly they did this despite the fact that many French citizens were suffering as the majority were not able to put food on the table. At the same time, the leaders allowed the country to operate without a central bank and paper currency and utilized antiquated tax system that only taxed the poor who had no money with which to buy even food. The continued poor leadership demonstrated by the top leaders of the country angered the French poor comprising mainly of the peasants who started to protest against poor leadership. The angered peasants reportedly invaded the Bastille in search of guns to use against the oppressive leaders. The invasion of Bastille resulted in a revolt against the king all over France. The revolt continued throughout 1789, resulting in the overthrow of King Louis (Lefebvre 2005, p. 34). It was after his toppling that the French established a democratic government. The Declaration of the Rights of Man doctrine was established after that, serving as the ground for the revolutionary French leaders. The French Revolution also resulted in the establishment of a government consisting of three arms, namely the executive, judiciary, and legislature. Under the new system of government, the executive was still headed by the King though the King only served as a figurehead with no real power. Similarly, the chaotic Russian

The Swimmer Essay Example for Free

The Swimmer Essay The sport of swimming is one that is heavily contested but is not for the weak and soft hearted. Bright and early morning sessions are an expectance and a normal person would see a swimmer as crazy. Swimming is a sport that requires determination, dedication, commitment and some serious time management. Swimmers endure much pain, stress and anxiety with fitting everything into their lives without the daily troubles of family and relationships. I will discuss my experiences and my daily adversities and joys along with the mental and physical times that I endure as a swimmer. Getting up at the dim hours of morning when the buzzer screeches and reads 4:45 is not a very pleasant sight to anyone. This sight of the clock to swimmers is a regular viewing and one that they do without hesitating. When I think what time I get up and why, so many thoughts dwell through my head. While other students are snuggled in their beds with the heating on and breakfast to meet them when they wake; I am swimming in reasonably cold water, enduring laps of pain, with many thoughts entertaining me. After enduring these laps I do not have an appetizing breakfast only a mere prima of juice and muesli bar; hardly enough to look forward to. Many would think while reading this, then why do you do it? The answer is a simple one; I see a sense of belonging in the sport. If I were to quit swimming which I have dwelled and neared acting upon, I would feel unfit, lethargic and would feel as if I was not good at anything and therefore nothing to be recognized as. As a leader in one of the sports at the college, I feel satisfied that at least I am giving something to a team and once again feel a sense of belonging. If I were to give up and not swim next year in my final year at the college, I would feel as if I had let myself down as well as the team and I would not mean much to the college. In my short career in swimming I have achieved accolades that I am proud of. These accolades include winning an Australian medal, being Victorian Champion, and making a Tip Top Australian Team. Once you have reached a level of this, it is very hard not to let go. In saying so, I achieved winning a medal at the Australian Age Championships two years ago. The year later I was struck down with illness and a shoulder injury that plagued my preparation. Disappointed with coming 6th in my main event hit me hard, but I was determined to make amends for my disappointment this year. This year I trained as well as I have ever trained and was committed down to every lap. I raced my hardest and ultimately, failed. I missed the national final and to me this was a complete slap in the face for all the hard work I had done. I had prepared adequately for the meet and had just failed mentally. My legs lactated up during the race and I struggled to finish the race off. I swam the race thinking negatively and it reflected on my result. When I was younger, a couple of years ago, I believed that I had enough guts and determination to beat anyone I tried; including Australian Champions. With this determination, I hit the wall. All of my confidence has diminished and I struggle to keep positive. After swimming my final race at the recent Australian Championships in Brisbane, I saw my time of 2:13.9 and place of 13th. At that particular moment after getting out of the water, I felt total anger and anguish. Its over. Im not going to swim anymore. I said to a fellow competitor. They saw on my face that I meant it. I held back tears of anger and frustration as another wasted opportunity went by. I went home with believing that I was going to quit swimming and found no enthusiasm or reason to continue. This was until my older brother gave me advice that at once I refused, and then I considered his suggestion of making a change and moving clubs. Due to the close relationship that I had with my coach, I struggled to imagine telling him face to face that I was going to cease training with him. However, I took on board that he would want the best for me and even if that meant moving. I met him face to face and battled tears in telling him that I was moving to a new club and a giant force in Swimming Victoria. Now I am swimming at a club called Melbourne Vicentre which, is home to the likes of Matt Welsh, Michael Klim and Giaan Rooney. It is a prospective change for me and a change that I am hoping will improve my swimming and reflect on a happier lifestyle. Swimming is not an easy sport, a swimmer requires different strengths; these strengths help a swimmer in life in swimming and beyond. No one does something because it is easy. That is why you guys are special, you guys arent normal. Swimming isnt normal, it is not normal to wake up the hours that you guys wake up at, while your friends are in bed or watching TV.

Field Trip To Observatoire De Haute-Provence Report

Field Trip To Observatoire De Haute-Provence Report Shaoshan Zeng Abstract A group of 9 students from University College London (UCL) will be visiting the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) in France between 14th February and 22nd February 2015. Students are expected to use the CCD camera on the 1.20m telescope to image two RR Lyrae variable stars: XY CVn and RR Gem. Also, students will use the Aurelie spectrograph on the 1.52m telescope to obtain high resolution spectra of bright spectroscopic binary systems within the spectral region 4070-4130Ã…. The main content of this report will focus on the observing facilities available at the OHP and background information of the objects to be targeted. And the last section of this report is the observing diary containing all the data obtained at the telescope. Contents Overview of l’Observatorie de Haute-Provence (OHP) Brief History Location Previous scientific work Observing conditions Observing Instruments The 1.20m Telescope The 1.52m Telescope The Aurelie Spectrogrph Scientific Programme for 1.2m Telescope Scientific Programme for 1.52m Telescope Targets RR Lyrae variable stars Spectroscopic binaries Observing Diary References Appendix 1. Light curves of RR Lyrae variables. Appendix 2. Finder Charts 1. Overview of l’Observatorie de Haute-Provence (OHP) History The observatory is owned by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and is funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU). Originally, OHP was built as a national facility for Frence astronomers in 1937 and later on in 1949, the facilities at the OHP were available to be used by foreign visiting astronomers. In 1943, the first astronomical observations were made with the 1.20m telescope and the first research paper were published a year later. 1.2 Location OHP is located in St Michel, near Forcalquier in the Alpes de Haute-Provence, south-east France. The coordinates of OHP are: Longitude = 0h 22m 52s E Latitude = +43 ° 55’ 46† Altitude = 650m Previous scientific work OHP has done some remarkable work on the detection of extra-solar planets. This studies started with the discovery of 51 Peg-b in 1995 using the ELODIE spectrograph on the 1.93m telescope and followed by many more discoveries such as Glises 876, the third closest known star to the Sun were found in 1998 and HD190228b was announced in 2000 as a giant planet orbiting the host star. In 2006, ELODIE was replaced by a stabilised high resolution spectrograph called SOPHIE at the 1.93m telescope of OHP. It is operated by using a large survey for search for northern extrasolar planets through the radial velocity method. Nowadays, SOPHIE plays a significant contribution to the follow-up of transiting exoplanet candidates from photometric surveys include SWASP, CoRoT and Kepler. 1.4 Observing Conditions The reason for OHP grounded on this site is mainly because the benefit of having higher probabilities on clear sky and favourable weather conditions throughout the year and the average atmospheric extinction at OHP is approximately twice that for ESO at La Silla. On average, about 60% of nights are considered to be suitable for astronomical observations. This can be showed by the yearly breakdown which based on a statistics made from 1965 to 2004: 170 nights are excellent conditions, 50 nights with very slight cloud and 70 nights are being partly cloudy. Despite of the weather conditions, the image quality is also the key factor to provide good observation. At OHP, the seeing disk is around 2 arcsec and can be lower down to 1 arcsec occasionally which compares to the image quality at ULO is about 4-5 arcsec. However, about 45 days per year on average (commonly in winter) cold wind flows from the northwest which is known as Mistral would cause the degradation of seeing, sometimes the quality of the seeing can severely decline to over 10 arcsec. But the advantage of having the Mistral winds is good weather usually follow as the winds usually clear up the sky. 2. Observing Instruments There are four main telescopes operate at OHP: 1.93m, 1.52m, 1.20m and 0.80m. Typically, 1.52m and 1.20m telescopes will be used to undertake studies during the field trip. 2.1 The 1.20m Telescope This is the first telescope installed at OHP and operates since 1943. It only has a Newton focus which is corresponded to a focus ratio of f/6. As an improvement, the telescope is now equipped with a CCD camera for direct imaging and photometry. It is usually operated for studies of variability of X-ray sources, imaging of galaxies and H II regions as well as the faint solar system objects. 2.2 The 1.52m Telescope This is the telescope that have been in use since 1967 at OHP and is used accompanied with the high resolution Aurelie spectrograph which is positioned at the Coude focus. Thus, most of the spectroscopic studies are carried out by using this telescope. The Coude focus is the only focus of this telescope and the focal ratio is f/27.6 which is almost identical to the 1.52m telescope at the ESO at La Silla. Even though it needed to be pointed manually, all other functions are automated. The telescope is equipped with a CCD camera, used from acquiring the target and automatic guiding. The camera has a field of view of 3’ x 4’. 2.3 The Aurelie Spectrograph The Aurelie spectrograph is a high resolution spectrograph that has been developed and installed on the 1.52m telescope in 1989 at the OHP. The goal of using such high quality instrument is to obtain spectra at very high resolutions over the spectral range of 3900 to 10000Ã… and because of the average seeing conditions at the OHP, the Aurelie spectrograph is also designed to obtain the largest optical efficiency and small amount of scattered light with an entrance aperture at about 3 arcsec wide. The detector attached to the spectrograph is called Thomson TH7832 which is a linear array CCD-like detector. The array is made of 2048 pixels of which 2036 are usable. The advantage of using this detector is: it is very clean meaning it exhibits no interference fringes or persistence effects and this would give the benefit to detect very weak absorption lines. 3. Scientific Programme for 1.2m Telescope The main purpose of this programme is to obtain images of two RR Lyrae variable stars RR Gem and XY CVn by using Cousins B- and V-band filters followed by calibrating these images with respect to stars of known magnitude near to the target star. This will be down over the course of 6 nights with 1.2m telescope. As a result, light curves of these stars will be obtained over several cycles of variation in order to calculate the pulsation period of each of the two stars. The light curve of XY CVn will be compared to that of RR GEM as the light curve of XY CVn is more symmetrical. From experience gained last few years (between 2003 and 2014) of UCL field trips who also completed the task with the same telescope, CCD and filters conclude that the exposure times should be around 1-3 minutes in each of the filter for RR Gem and because XY CVn is fainter than RR Gem, it requires longer exposure time of around 4 minutes in each of the B and V-bands. If the star has magnitude at around 11, a s ignal to noise ratio of at least 100 should be obtained with a 60 second or even shorter exposure in the V-band. The same signal to noise ratio is also kept for the B-band. Other than evaluating the result obtaining in the programme, observations of these two targets will also be compared to those obtained during the UCL field trip of 2000 to 2014. This should give more accurate calculated period and overtone modulation of the light curves to the stars. RR Lyrae stars are pulsating variables with about half the mass of the Sun but probably much older and hotter than the Sun. They belong to low mass Population II and they are abundant in globular clusters. RR Lyrae variables are special because they growing larger and smaller in size with their brightness changing significantly. In general, they have periods of 0.2 to 1 day and spectral types of A2 to F6 which have an average effective temperature of 7000K and a luminosity typical around 80 Lsun. Some of them have similar light curves to those of Cepheid variables and obey a period luminosity relation which is approximately: Log10 P = -0.85M + constant These properties make RR Lyrae variables become excellent standard candles as if the period of time it takes for an RR Lyrae to go through its cycle of brightening and dimming is known, then the absolute luminosity of that star can be estimated. The absolute luminosity shows how bright a star would be if it was a certain distance away from us. From this, the distance to the star can be determined if the measure brightness of the star appear to us compared to its absolute luminosity. 4. Scientific Programme for 1.52m Telescope For this programme, the Aurelie spectrograph on the 1.52m telescope will be used to obtain high resolution spectra of a selection of targets which are known to be spectroscopic binary systems that in the spectral region of 4070-4130Ã…. By analysing these spectra, weak absorption lines should be resolved to measure the changes in the radial velocity of a star by applying the cross correlation technique. Since the field trip group in 2006 and 2010-2014 also completed the similar task with Aurelie, the analysed results from this field trip will be compared to those obtained in previous years and hopefully this will result in an improvement of phase coverage for all of the systems, especially for targets with long period. By combining all the data sets, a number of physical parameters such as the mass ratio, the mass function, the period and the orbital eccentricity can be estimated for each binary system. As HÃŽ ´ (ÃŽ »4101Ã…) is included in the targeted spectral region, the appea rance of this line in obtained spectra also need to be investigated as it changes as a function of spectral type. In order to resolve the weak lines and measure their wavelengths accurately, a spectrographic resolving power of at least R = 40000 is required. Such high resolution that in use should also provide accurate information of radial and rotational velocities for each target. A wavelength coverage of at least 60Ã… is needed to include enough weak lines simultaneously and to make sure the continuum level outside the HÃŽ ´ line could be estimated. Despite of these, useful weak lines can only be obtain with a signal to noise ratio of at least 250 due to the fact that the equivalent widths of the weak lines are expected to be with several mÃ…. And more importantly, the total integration time of all of the start should be controlled to be 120 minutes or less because the resolution of orbital phase of 1.52m telescope would become poor if longer exposure time is used. Spectroscopic binaries involve two stars orbiting around their common centre of mass. These two stars are so close together that can only be seen as one object, and over period of time, there is Doppler shift change in the observing spectrum. In other words, if the star does exist in a binary system, they are of similar luminosity, each spectral line will twice over the course of one orbit, split into two, reach a maximum separation and then move back together again due to the Doppler shift caused by their radial velocity. Among all the targets, the star ÃŽ ± Uma is of particular interest as it has a long period of 44 years while other target stars have relatively short periods and has an orbit that is not clearly determined. It thought to have passed periastron in 2000, so it would be interesting to compare its measured radial velocity with that from spectral obtained during 2006 to 2014. 5. Target stars 5.1 RR Lyrae Variable Stars The stars that will be observing for the investigation of the light curves of RR Lyrae variable stars on the 1.2m telescope are shown below in Table 1 along with their coordinate, magnitudes and period. Table 1. Investigate RR Lyrae variable stars RR Gem is a type â€Å"a† RR Lyrae variable, it is well located for observation between UT 18:00 to 24:00 in late January to February at OHP. This light curve of this type of star will show a steep increase in brightness at first, the brightness will then gently fade away until a minimum is reached. The finding charts for RR Gem can be found in Appendix 1. (A1) and the calibration stars are shown in Table 2 below. Table 2. Calibration stars for RR Gem XY CVn is a type â€Å"c† RR Lyrae variable, it is well located for observation in the morning in January and February at OHP. Different to RR Gem, the light curve of this type of star is more symmetrical. The finding charts for both target stars can be found in Appendix 1. 5.2 Spectroscopic binaries targets The stars for which I am responsible for background research for the programme occurring on the 1.52m telescope are shown in Table 3 below. Table 3. Spectroscopic binaries targets Both of the targets are circumpolar which will never set throughout the night, this makes them easily observable in night time. For HR 4072, it would be best observed at around 0:00-1:00 UT and ÃŽ ¹ CrB should be best observed at 6:00-7:00 UT as these time will be the target just across the meridian i.e at their highest point in the sky. However, 6:00-7:00UT would correspond to 7:00-8:00 local time at OHP, would pass the sun rise time and the sky is bright already. Thus, target ÃŽ ¹ CrB can be observed in the early morning before sunrise when it still high up in the sky before crossing the meridian. The finding charts for both target stars can be found in Appendix 2. 6. Observing Journal References http://www.obs-hp.fr -the OHP website http://www.simbad.com -online star catalogue http://www.aavso.org/ -online database for variable stars, obtain light curves and finding charts 2015 UCL Field Trip Observation Plans (Stephen Boyle, September 2014) Appendix 1 A1. Finding Chart of RR Gem (AAVSO) A2. Finding chart of XY CVn (AAVSO)